Out of Sight, out of Legal Recourse: Interpreting and Revising Title VII to Prohibit Workplace Segregation Based on Religion

Introduction

The purpose of this article is to argue that the federal courts’ prevailing interpretation of Title VII with respect to religious attire in the workplace is inconsistent with the law. I maintain that Title VII prohibits employers from either placing employees in the back or refusing to hire individuals with conspicuous articles of faith due to any actual or perceived social discomfort with the employee’s religion-based appearance. 12 I am persuaded of this for two independent reasons. First, placing an employee out of public view does not constitute a “reasonable accommodation” under Title VII because the statute’s general anti-discrimination provision expressly prohibits employers from “segregating” employees.13 There is no basis for suspecting that this clear, broad restriction on employer conduct does not extend to employees whose appearance is dictated by their religious beliefs. 14 In line with this reading of Title VII, I encourage a court sitting in review of a religion-based segregation case to analyze an employer’s proffered “reasonable accommodation” in light of this general anti-discrimination provision. In doing so, the religious rights of employees would be maximized to their statutory limits. Second, an employer may not base its decision to segregate an individual with a religiously-mandated appearance on customers’ possible or demonstrated discriminatory preferences. 15 Where courts enable employers to rely on such actual or perceived biases, they allow employers to give practical effect to those biases. In the civil rights era, courts did not permit customer bias to justify discrimination against African-Americans; by prohibiting customer bias from supporting the segregation described, courts would also clarify that religion-based appearance discrimination is on par with and deserves the same treatment as racial discrimination. While employers may contend that their practices reflect non- discriminatory corporate identities rather than customer stereotypes, in my estimation this sleight-of-hand falls flat-a corporate “brand” simply codifies and reflects consumer preferences, including stereotypes.16